In Level Three Leadership: Getting Below the Surface, James G. Clawson introduces a new leadership model for practicing managers. He asserts that in the past, managers have tried to lead simply by influencing employees' behavior (Level One) or by appealing to their conscious thoughts (Level Two). Managing effectively in today's age of rapid change and open access to information requires Level Three Leadership, which offers a deeper, more lasting impact by working with people at the level of their fundamental values, assumptions, beliefs, and expectations.