Puberty and adolescence are key developmental processes occurring in the transition period between childhood and adulthood. They involve respectively profound physical and behavioral changes that share dependency on maturational events in the central nervous system (CNS). The neurobiology and endocrinology of puberty and adolescence has made important progress during the past decade through finely tuned studies on behavior, CNS imaging and molecular neurobiology. The aim of this volume is to provide the readers with a pathophysiological perspective on the role of CNS in puberty and adolescence, starting from genetic/molecular aspects, going through structural/imaging changes and leading to physical/behavioral characteristics. Therefore, renowned investigators involved in both animal and human research shared recent data as well as overall appraisal of relevant questions around CNS control of puberty and adolescence. No doubt that this volume will inspire those involved in either scientific research or clinical practice or both in the fascinating field of puberty and adolescence.