Omar Khayyam’s Secret: Hermeneutics of the Robaiyat in Quantum Sociological Imagination, by Mohammad H. Tamdgidi, is a 12-book series of which this book is the 12th, subtitled Khayyami Legacy: The Collected Works of Omar Khayyam (AD 1021-1123) Culminating in His Secretive 1000 Robaiyat Autobiography. Book 12 condenses the series and its findings in a single volume. This is the first time since Khayyam’s passing that all his extant works have been compiled in one publication series and volume and studied integratively, accomplished just in time for the millennium of his true birth date and the ninth centennial of his true date of passing. It includes two forewords, one by Winston E. Langley, Professor Emeritus of Political Science and International Relations and former Provost of UMass Boston, and another by Jafar Aghayani Chavoshi, Professor of History of Science and Mathematics at Sharif University of Technology in Tehran. The original texts are included with their new English (and where needed, updated or new Persian) translations. The preface recaps how a method in quantum sociological imagination helped solve the riddles of Khayyam’s life and works in the series. The introduction delineates this series’ findings toward a scientifically reliable biography of Khayyam, including a critical commentary on how Edward FitzGerald’s Rubaiyat colonially distorted Khayyam’s Robaiyat and Islamic legacy. Three other chapters are also shared: one on how Khayyam’s true dates of birth and passing were discovered and reconfirmed in this series, including further notes on Swami Govinda Tirtha’s errors in studying Khayyam’s birth horoscope for the purpose; another on integratively viewing astronomy and its relation to astrology amid all of Khayyam’s works; and a third on the role he played in the design of Isfahan’s North Dome. Khayyam’s studied writings are: his treatise on the science of the universals of existence; his annotated Persian translation of Avicenna’s “Splendid Sermon” on God’s unity and creation; his treatise on the created world and worship duty; his three-part treatises on existence (1-on the necessity of contradiction, determinism, and survival; 2-on attributes; and 3-on the light of intellect on ‘existent’ as the subject matter of universal science); his treatise on soul’s survival, necessity of accidents, and nature of time; his treatise in music on tetrachords; his two treatises on balance; his treatise on circle quadrant for achieving a certain proportionality; his treatise in algebra and equations; his treatise on Euclid’s postulation problems; his literary treatise “Nowrooznameh”; and his secretive autobiography, the Robaiyat, comprised of 1000 quatrains logically organized based on his own three-phased method of inquiry. This series has found the answer to its question about the origins, nature, and purpose of the Robaiyat in Khayyam’s life and works. Lifelong, he was secretively writing his Robaiyat as his “book of life,” his autobiography, for posthumous release. His poetic pen name “Khayyam” (“tentmaker”) had been inspired by his dazzling birth chart. By re-sewing in this series his autobiographical tent of wisdom as a Tavern serving the spiritual Wine of his poetry, we have advanced from knowing little about his life to reading his most intimate autobiography. But the Robaiyat is not just a private autobiography; it is also a sociologically imaginative and poetic public telling of humanity’s search for a universal healing. Iran’s appreciation of Omar Khayyam’s legacy can be best judged not by the physics of his burial sites, traditionally humble or artistically modern, but by the role Iranians themselves have played since his time in safeguarding his works especially in the poetic bricks and mortars of the human architecture of his own secretly designed and designated everlasting tomb. REVIEWS: “… a masterpiece in Omar Khayyam studies …” -- Jafar Aghayani Chavoshi (Ph. D. , University of Paris, 1997), Professor of Philosophy of Science at Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, specializing in Philosophy, Epistemology, and History of Mathematics and Science, and in Omar Khayyam Studies; From his Foreword to the last book of the Omar Khayyam's Secret series “Tamdgidi, having taken his readers through the first eleven books of his Omar Khayyam’s Secret series, in book twelve -- consistent with good teaching -- offers an overview of what had already been covered by the series, as he does in each of its successive books. He does more. He discusses the scientific requirements for the study of Khayyam’s biography; and then, he proceeds to depict the new findings of the series that make possible ‘a textually and historically more reliable biography for Khayyam. ’ Both, with distinction, he has achieved. … The series is a most admirable example of teaching at its best. Tamdgidi is but an expert guide in a journey of joint learning and teaching; nowhere, except in the concluding book, including his notes on the biography of Omar Khayyam, is it conclusory. He patiently anticipates and works with the reader to grapple with issues, so there are common discoveries. At times, he and his readers are detectives, with moments of sudden insights, realizations, and inspiration. Indeed, for this reader, who was exposed at an early age to Khayyam, through the work of Edward FitzGerald, encountering this series was like the astronauts who experienced seeing the Earth for the first time from outer space. It was nothing I could have imagined, from prior experience. … Every college library should at least secure a copy of the last synoptic volume of the series; and every research library should have the entire series as one of its prized acquisitions and holdings. … The claim or assertion respecting the likely longevity of the series and its importance to libraries (and, by implication, scholars) is not made lightly, and it is in no way an exaggeration. A study of its methodology, its findings, the significance of those findings for the universe of learning, of the skills, dedication, and sacrifices the author brought to bear on the work, and of the approach observed to help readers grapple with and understand what is being disclosed, attests a rich body of corroborating testimony to the assertion. ” -- Winston E. Langley, Professor Emeritus of Political Science & International Relations, Senior Fellow at the McCormack Graduate School for Policy & Global Studies, and a former Provost (2008-2017) of the University of Massachusetts Boston; From his Foreword to the last book of the Omar Khayyam's Secret series TABLE OF CONTENTS About OKCIR—i All the Titles Published in this 12-Book Series—ii About this Book—iv About the Series Author—viii Acknowledgments—xxi Foreword by Winston E. Langley—1 Foreword by Jafar Aghayani Chavoshi—9 Preface to Book 12: How a Method Framed in the Quantum Sociological Imagination Helped Solve the Riddles of Omar Khayyam’s Life and His Robaiyat amid All His Works: A Recap from the Prior Books of This Series—11 Introduction to Book 12: Toward A Textually and Historically More Reliable Biography of Omar Khayyam (AD 1021-1123) Based on the Findings of This Series—27 1. The Collected Works of Omar Khayyam: The Organization of This Last Book of the Series—27 2. The Scientific Requirements for the Study of Omar Khayyam’s Biography—34 3. Delineating the New Findings of This Series That Make Possible a Textually and Historically More Reliable Biography for Omar Khayyam—39 1) Omar Khayyam’s True Date of Birth (AD 1021) Discovered—40 2) Omar Khayyam’s Historically Known True Date of Passing (AD 1123) Reconfirmed—40 3) Omar Khayyam’s Horoscope: A Possible Biographical Source of His Personal Interest in Astronomy and Critical Attention to Astrology—42 4) The Biographical Significance of the Stated Feature of Samimi (Cazimi) in Omar Khayyam’s Horoscope: Possible Source of a Personal Trouble and Motivation, and a Trope in His Robaiyat—46 5) The Biographical Significance of the Silent Features of Triplicities and Venus Secrecy in Omar Khayyam’s Horoscope: Inspirations for His Pen Name and for the Trope “Sewing Tents of Wisdom”—47 6) Omar Khayyam’s Three-Classmates Childhood Story Could Have Been True, Even Though Differently Told—49 7) Omar Khayyam’s Personally Attended Teachers Reaffirmed: al-Movaffaq, al-Anbari, and Ibn Sina (Avicenna)—51 8) The Biographical Significance of Omar Khayyam’s Relation to Abu Taher: What Was Khayyam Doing Before His Work in Isfahan? —52 9) Omar Khayyam’s Friends or Foes: Nezam ol-Molk, Abu Said abol-Kheyr, Moshkavi, Moayyed ol-Molk, Fakhr ol-Molk, Soltan Sanjar, and Muhammad Ghazali—53 10) The Key Biographical Significance of the Secretiveness of Khayyam’s Robaiyat for Solving Many Riddles of His Life and Works—54 11) Omar Khayyam’s Relation to Sufism Clarified—55 12) Omar Khayyam’s Alleged Character Traits Refuted—58 13) The Othersystemic Utopystics of Omar Khayyam’s Creative Social Activism by Way of His Pen’s Secretive Poetics—60 4. The Islamophobic and Islamophilic Colonialities of Edward FitzGerald’s “Rubáiyát”: Decolonizing How He World-Famously Distorted Omar Khayyam’s Robaiyat—65 5. Now We Know: Lifelong, Omar Khayyam Was Secretively Writing the Robaiyat as His Poetic Autobiography for Posthumous Release—87 CHAPTER I—How Omar Khayyam’s True Dates of Birth and Passing (AD 1021-1123) Were Discovered and Reconfirmed in This Series: Further Explaining and Demonstrating Swami Govinda Tīrtha’s Errors in Using Khayyam’s Horoscope for the Purpose—89 1. Introduction—89 2. Omar Khayyam’s True Dates of Birth and Passing (AD 1021-1123): A Brief Summary of the Findings of Books 2 and 3 of This Series—90 3. Further Explaining and Demonstrating the Errors Made by Swāmi Govinda Tīrtha in Studying Omar Khayyam’s Reported Birth Horoscope—98 4. Conclusion—137 CHAPTER II—The Persian Text and A New English Translation of Omar Khayyam’s Treatise on the Science of the Universals of Existence—139 1. Introduction—139 2. The Persian Manuscript of Omar Khayyam’s Treatise on the Science of the Universals of Existence—146 3. The English Translation of Omar Khayyam’s Treatise on the Science of the Universals of Existence—153 CHAPTER III—Omar Khayyam’s Annotated Persian Translation of Avicenna’s “Splendid Sermon” in Arabic on God’s Unity and Creation: The Manuscript with a New English Translation—161 1. Introduction—161 2. The Persian Manuscript of Omar Khayyam’s Annotated Translation of Avicenna’s “Splendid Sermon” on God’s Unity and Creation—168 3. New English Translation of the Manuscript of Omar Khayyam’s Annotated Persian Translation of Avicenna’s “Splendid Sermon” in Arabic on God’s Unity and Creation—172 CHAPTER IV—Omar Khayyam’s Treatise on the Created World and Worship Duty: The Arabic Manuscript with Updated Persian and New English Translations—177 1. Introduction—177 2. The Arabic Manuscript of Omar Khayyam’s “Treatise on the Created World and Worship Duty”—188 3. Updated Persian Translation of Omar Khayyam’s “Treatise on the Created World and Worship Duty”—193 4. New English Translation of Omar Khayyam’s “Treatise on the Created World and Worship Duty”—201 CHAPTER V—Part 1 of Omar Khayyam’s Treatise on Existence Addressed to Abu Taher Regarding the Necessity of Contradiction, Determinism, and Survival: The Arabic Manuscript with Updated Persian and New English Translations—209 1. Introduction—209 2. The Arabic Manuscript of Omar Khayyam’s Treatise on Existence, Part 1: On the Necessity of Contradiction, Determinism, and Survival—214 3. Updated Persian Translation of Omar Khayyam’s Treatise on Existence, Part 1: On the Necessity of Contradiction, Determinism, and Survival—218 4. New English Translation of Omar Khayyam’s Treatise on Existence, Part 1: On the Necessity of Contradiction, Determinism, and Survival—224 CHAPTER VI—Part 2 of Omar Khayyam’s Treatise on Existence Addressed to Abu Taher Regarding Attributes: The Arabic Manuscript with Updated Persian and New English Translations—231 1. Introduction—231 2. The Arabic Manuscript of Omar Khayyam’s Treatise on Existence, Part 2: On Attributes—238 3. Updated Persian Translation of Omar Khayyam’s Treatise on Existence, Part 2: On Attributes—242 4. New English Translation of Omar Khayyam’s Treatise on Existence, Part 2: On Attributes—250 CHAPTER VII—Part 3 of Omar Khayyam’s Treatise on Existence Addressed to Abu Taher Regarding the Light of Intellect on ‘Existent’ as the Subject Matter of Universal Science: The Arabic Manuscript with Updated Persian and New English Translations—257 1. Introduction—257 2. The Arabic Manuscript of Omar Khayyam’s Treatise on Existence, Part 3: On Existent: The Light of Intellect on the Subject Matter of Universal Science—263 3. Updated Persian Translation of Omar Khayyam’s Treatise on Existence, Part 3: On Existent: The Light of Intellect on the Subject Matter of Universal Science—265 4. New English Translation of Omar Khayyam’s Treatise on Existence, Part 3: On Existent: The Light of Intellect on the Subject Matter of Universal Science—269 CHAPTER VIII—Omar Khayyam’s Treatise Addressed to Moshkavi in Response to Three Questions on Soul’s Survival, the Necessity of Accidents, and the Nature of Time: The Arabic Manuscript with Updated Persian and New English Translations—273 1. Introduction—273 2. The Arabic Manuscript of Omar Khayyam’s Treatise “Response to Three Questions: Soul’s Survival, Necessity of Accidents, and Nature of Time”—280 3. Updated Persian Translation of Omar Khayyam’s Treatise “Response to Three Questions: Soul’s Survival, Necessity of Accidents, and Nature of Time”—284 4. New English Translation of Omar Khayyam’s Treatise “Response to Three Questions: Soul’s Survival, Necessity of Accidents, and Nature of Time”—289 CHAPTER IX—Omar Khayyam’s Treatise in Music on Tetrachords: The Arabic Text with New Persian and English Translations—295 1. Introduction—295 2. The Arabic Manuscript of Omar Khayyam’s Treatise in Music on Tetrachords—301 3. New Persian Translation of Omar Khayyam’s Treatise in Music on Tetrachords—303 4. New English Translation of Omar Khayyam’s Treatise in Music on Tetrachords—309 CHAPTER X—Omar Khayyam’s Treatises on the Straight Balance and on How to Use a Water Balance to Measure the Weights of Gold and Silver in a Body Composed of Them: The Arabic Texts with New Persian and English Translations—315 1. Introduction—315 2. The Arabic Manuscript of Omar Khayyam’s Two Treatises, One on Using a Water Balance to Measure the Weight of Gold and Silver in a Body Composed of Them, and Another on the Straight Balance—329 3. Persian Translation of Omar Khayyam’s Two Treatises, One on Using a Water Balance to Measure the Weight of Gold and Silver in a Body Composed of Them, and Another on the Straight Balance—333 4. New English Translation of Omar Khayyam’s Two Treatises, One on Using a Water Balance to Measure the Weight of Gold and Silver in a Body Composed of Them, and Another on the Straight Balance—339 CHAPTER XI—Omar Khayyam’s Treatise on Dividing A Circle Quadrant to Achieve a Certain Proportionality: The Arabic Text, the Persian Translation by Gholamhossein Mosaheb, and Its New English Translation—349 1. Introduction—349 2. The Arabic Manuscript of Omar Khayyam’s Treatise on Dividing A Circle Quadrant—357 3. The Persian Translation by Gholamhossein Mosaheb of Omar Khayyam’s Treatise on Dividing A Circle Quadrant—366 4. New English Translation of Omar Khayyam’s Treatise on Dividing A Circle Quadrant—377 CHAPTER XII—Omar Khayyam’s Treatise on the Proofs of Problems in Algebra and Equations: The Arabic Text, the Persian Translation by Gholamhossein Mosaheb, and Its New English Translation—393 1. Introduction—393 2. The Arabic Manuscript of Omar Khayyam’s Treatise on the Proofs of Problems in Algebra and Equations—403 3. The Persian Translation by Gholamhossein Mosaheb of Omar Khayyam’s Treatise on the Proofs of Problems in Algebra and Equations—426 4. New English Translation of Omar Khayyam’s Treatise on the Proofs of Problems in Algebra and Equations—459 CHAPTER XIII—Omar Khayyam’s Treatise on the Explanation of Postulation Problems in Euclid’s Work: The Arabic Text, the Persian Translation by Jalaleddin Homaei, and Its New English Translation—509 1. Introduction—509 2. The Arabic Manuscript of Omar Khayyam’s Treatise on the Explanation of Postulation Problems in Euclid’s Work—524 3. The Persian Translation by Jalaleddin Homaei of Omar Khayyam’s Treatise on the Explanation of Postulation Problems in Euclid’s Work—545 4. New English Translation of Omar Khayyam’s Treatise on the Explanation of Postulation Problems in Euclid’s Work—573 CHAPTER XIV—Astronomy and Astrology: Integratively Viewing Omar Khayyam’s Extant, Non-Extant, or Differently Extant Scientific Works in the Context of His Own Philosophy and Theology—615 1. Introduction—615 2. Omar Khayyam’s Other Scientific Treatises on Nature, Geography, Music, and Arithmetic—616 3. Astronomy and Its Relation to Astrology: Omar Khayyam, the Isfahan Observatory, and Iran’s Solar Calendar Reform—623 4. Revisiting Nezami Arouzi’s Comments on Omar Khayyam’s Opinion of Astrology—637 5. Understanding the Scientific Works of Omar Khayyam Integratively—645 6. Conclusion: The Robaiyat as A Critique of Fatalistic Astrology—653 CHAPTER XV—Omar Khayyam’s Literary Treatise “Nowrooznameh”: Updated Persian Text and Its New English Translation for the First Time—657 1. Introduction: How “Nowrooznameh” Was Discovered and Its Obvious Authorship by Omar Khayyam Was Oddly Debated in Iran—657 2. A Summary of the Findings of this Series in “Nowrooznameh”—677 3. The Persian Text of Omar Khayyam’s Literary Treatise “Nowrooznameh” (The Book on Nowrooz): An Updated Edition Based on the Berlin Manuscript (Used in Its Mojtaba Minovi Edition and Also in Its Ali Hasouri Edition) and the Partial London and Other Manuscripts (Used in Its Edition by Rahim Rezazadeh Malek)—688 4. New English Translation of Omar Khayyam’s Literary Treatise “Nowrooznameh” (The Book on Nowrooz)—722 A. Introduction of the Book, Nowrooznameh—724 B. On the Customs of Persian Kings—731 C. The Arrival of the [Zoroastrian] Priest of Priests and the Offering of Nowroozi Gifts—733 D. The High Acclamation of the [Zoroastrian] Priest of Priests in Their Own Expression—733 E. Speaking of the Gold and What Is Necessary to Be Said About It—734 F. Signs of the Buried Treasures—735 G. Speaking of the Ring and What Is Necessary to Be Said About It—737 H. Speaking of the Budding Barley Grain and What Is Necessary to Be Said About It—740 I. Speaking of the Sword and What Is Necessary to Be Said About It—741 J. Speaking of the Bow and Arrow and What Is Necessary to be Said About Them—743 K. Speaking of the Pen and Its Attribute, and What Is Necessary to Be Said About It—746 L. Speaking of the Horse, Its Art, and What Is Necessary to Be Said About It—750 M. Names of Horses in the Persian Language—751 N. Speaking of the Falcon, and of Its Art, and What is Necessary About It—753 O. On Selecting a Falcon—753 P. Stories About the Benefits of the Wine—754 Q. Story About the Meaning of the Origin of Wine—757 R. A Speech on the Attribute of the Beautiful Face—759 CHAPTER XVI—Unveiling the Open and Hidden Functions of the Mysterious North Dome of Isfahan: How Omar Khayyam Designed, for His Commissioned Projects of Solar Calendar Reform and Building Its Astronomical Observatory, Iran’s Most Beautiful Dual-Use Structure for the Annual Celebration of Nowrooz—763 1. Introduction—763 2. The Twenty-Year Reign of Soltan Malekshah and His Commission to Build an Astronomical Observatory in Isfahan to Reform Iran’s Solar Calendar—764 3. What Nowrooznameh Reveals about the Need for Solar Calendar Reform and Its Associated Observatory and Nowrooz Celebratory Building Projects—771 4. The Official ICOMOS and ICHHTO Accounts of the Nature and History of the North Dome amid the Wider Complex of Masjed-e Jāmeʿ of Isfahan—778 5. The Views of Architectural Historians Arthur Upham Pope, Eric Schroeder, Oleg Grabar, and Eugenio Galdieri, about the North Dome—792 6. The Contributions of the Late Turkish Architectural Historian Alpay Özdural to Understanding the Design of the North Dome—814 7. What Does the Strange Built-In Pattern of the Interior Ceiling of the North Dome Mean? —834 8. The Open and Hidden Functions of the North Dome as a Dual-Use Astronomical Observatory Site for the Annual Celebration of Nowrooz—847 9. Conclusion—858 CHAPTER XVII—Omar Khayyam’s Arabic and Persian Poems Other than His Robaiyat: Translated into Persian (from Arabic) and English—861 1. Introduction—861 2. Omar Khayyam’s Other Poems Expressing Doubt—872 A. Persian Ghazal Poem: “A Talk with the Intellect”—872 B. Arabic Poem: “Plea for Brotherhood”—874 C. Arabic Poem: “Intellect’s Astonishment”—875 D. Arabic Poem: “The Near Distant”—876 E. Arabic Poem: “Malefic Fortunes”—876 F. Arabic Poem: “Complaints to Unjust Spheres”—877 3. Omar Khayyam’s Other Poems Expressing Hope—878 A. Persian Qasideh Poem: “Conversing with a Philosopher-Judge”—878 B. Arabic Poem: “How I Worship”—880 C. Arabic Poem: “No Fear of the Times”—881 4. Omar Khayyam’s Other Poems Expressing Joy—881 A. Arabic Poem: “Light Over Darkness”—881 B. Arabic Poem: “Flood of Droplets”—882 C. Arabic Poem: “Secretive Sense”—883 D. Arabic Poem: “Freedom”—884 CHAPTER XVIII: The Robaiyat of Omar Khayyam: Re-Sewing the Tentmaker’s Tent as His Secretive Autobiography: 1000 Bittersweet Sips from His Tavern of Happiness, Logically Organized Based on Khayyam’s Own Three-Phased Method of Inquiry—885 Introduction: How Khayyam’s Worldview as Expressed in All His Other Philosophical, Theological, and Scientific Writings Offer An Interpretive Framework for His Robaiyat—885 The Robaiyat of Omar Khayyam: Part 1 of 3: Songs of Doubt Addressing the Question “Does Happiness Exist? ” I. Secret Book of Life (راز دفتر عمر)—p. 911 II. Alas! 916 III. Times (زمانه)—p. 923 IV. Spheres (افلاك)—p. 927 V. Chance and Fate (قضا و قدر)—p. 935 VI. Puzzle (معمّا)—p. 938 VII. O God! 943 VIII. Tavern Voice (ندا از ميخانه)—p. 954 IX. O Wine-Tender (اى ساقى)—p. 960 The Robaiyat of Omar Khayyam: Part 2 of 3: Songs of Hope Addressing the Question “What Is Happiness? ” X. Drunken Way (راه مستى)—p. 967 XI. Willfulness (اراده)—p. 977 XII. Foes and Friends (دوست و دشمن)—p. 981 XIII. Wealth (ثروت)—p. 990 XIV. Today (امروز)—p. 998 XV. Pottery (كوزه گرى)—p. 1009 XVI. Cemetery (گورستان)—p. 1012 XVII. Paradise and Hell (بهشت و جهنم)—p. 1015 The Robaiyat of Omar Khayyam: Part 3 of 3: Songs of Joy Addressing the Question “Why Can Happiness Exist? ” XVIII. Garden (باغ)—p. 1023 XIX. Wine (شراب)—p. 1030 XX. Love (عشق)—p. 1045 XXI. Night (شب)—p. 1050 XXII. Death and Survival (مرگ و بقا)—p. 1053 XXIII. Liberation (رهايى)—p. 1058 XXIV. Return (بازگشت)—p. 1070 Conclusion: Integrative Reflections on the Robaiyat of Omar Khayyam as His Secretive Autobiography (“Book of Life”)—1073 1. Integrative Reflections on Part 1 of the Robaiyat—1073 2. Integrative Reflections on Part 2 of the Robaiyat—1091 3. Integrative Reflections on Part 3 of the Robaiyat—1105 4. Re-Sewing the Last Pieces of the Jig-Saw Puzzle: The Meaning and Significance of the Tropes of Grand Tent, the Simorgh, and 1000 in the Robaiyat of Omar Khayyam—1119 Appendix: Transliteration System Used in this Series—1131 Book 12 References—1139 Book 12 Index—1151