In Early Christian Apologetics, D. H. Williams offers a first comprehensive presentation of Christian apologetic literature from the second to the fifth century CE. Williams argues that most apologies were not directed at a pagan readership. In most cases, ancient apologetics had a double object: to instruct the Christian and persuade weak Christians or non-Christians who were sympathetic to Christian claims. Taken cumulatively, he finds, apologetic literature was integral to the formation of the Christian identity in the Roman world.