This volume brings together a fascinating set of essays dealing with intellectual developments in late Ottoman society. Under the impact of European expansionism and modernization, the Ottoman Empire underwent profound transformations. Through the chapters the reader will make the acquaintance of outstanding personalities such as the Ottoman historian Ahmed Cevdet, the radical atheist Abdullah Cevdet, and the nationalist/socialist Ziya Gökalp; intellectual movements like the Westerners (Garpçilar), part of the larger Young Turk opposition; ideologies like Pan-Islamism, constitutionalism and liberalism; religious institutions like the state mufti; educational institutions like the Mülkiye(School of Public Administrations) and the Christian community schools and printing and publishing activities, including the women's magazine Hanimlara mahsus gazette(The Ladies' Own Gazette).