Gardner defines leadership as the ability to change minds, using examples of various leaders (e. g. , Margaret Thatcher, Mohandas Gandhi, James O. Freedman, President Bush, Tony Blair, and South Africa's Nelson Mandela. ) as models for future action. He argues that we must use different intelligences to change minds in different settings and expands upon this idea by citing seven relevant factors-reason, research, resonance, representational redescriptions, resources and rewards, real-world events, and resistances.