Concerns the modern history of foreign intervention in the Middle East, from the British standpoint. Written for the expert of international relations. Discusses the role of British Christians in the Crusades and as Pilgrims; British maritime merchants; European foreign affairs, the balance of power, and Napoleon's interest in the region; the intrusion of eager German colonists and traders; World War I, the interwar period, and World War II; and the crisis of 1951 related to Sudan's decolonization, and Iran's objections to a treaty splitting oil profits.