Fiction. Talking with Amy Tan -- Reading a story -- The art of fiction -- Types of short fiction -- Death has an appointment in Samarra / Sufi Legend -- The north wind and the sun / Aesop -- The tortoise and the geese / Bidpai -- Independence / Chuang Tzu -- Godfather death / Jakob and Wilhelm Grimm -- Plot -- The short story -- A & P / John Updike -- Writing effectively -- Point of view -- Identifying point of view -- Types of narrators -- How much does a narrator know? -- Stream of consciousness -- [A Rose for Emily](https://openlibrary. org/works/OL82884W) / William Faulkner -- [Tell-tale Heart](https://openlibrary. org/works/OL41059W) / Edgar Allan Poe -- Why I live at the P. O. / Eudora Welty -- Girl / Jamaica Kincaid -- Writing effectively -- Character -- Characterization -- Motivation -- The jilting of Granny Weatherall / Katherine Anne Porter -- Bullet in the brain / Tobias Wolff -- Everyday use / Alice Walker -- Cathedral / Raymond Carver -- Writing effectively -- Setting -- Elements of setting -- Historical fiction -- Regionalism -- Naturalism -- The storm / Kate Chopin -- To build a fire / Jack London -- The gospel according to Mark / Jorge Luis Borges -- A pair of tickets / Amy Tan -- Writing effectively -- Tone and Style -- Tone -- Style -- Diction -- A clean, well-lighted place / Ernest Hemingway -- [Barn burning](https://openlibrary. org/works/OL20080279W) / William Faulkner -- Irony -- The necklace / Guy de Maupassant -- [The story of an hour](https://openlibrary. org/works/OL20078864W) / Kate Chopin -- Writing effectively -- Theme -- Plot versus theme -- Summarizing the theme -- Finding the theme -- Dead men's path / Chinua Achebe -- The house on Mango Street / Sandra Cisneros -- The parable of the prodigal son / Luke -- Harrison Bergeron / Kurt Vonnegut Jr. -- Writing effectively -- Symbol -- Allegory -- Symbols -- Recognizing symbols -- The chrysanthemums / John Steinbeck -- The yellow wallpaper / Charlotte Perkins Gilman -- The ones who walk away from Omelas / Ursula K. Le Guin -- The lottery / Shirley Jackson -- Writing effectively -- Stories for further reading -- This is what it means to say Phoenix, Arizona / Sherman Alexie -- Happy endings / Margaret Atwood -- [Young Goodman Brown](https://openlibrary. org/works/OL455569W) / Nathaniel Hawthorne -- The gift of the magi / O. Henry -- Sweat / Zora Neale Hurston -- Saboteur / Ha Jin -- [Araby](https://openlibrary. org/works/OL20570121W) / James Joyce -- Before the law / Franz Kafka -- Miss Brill / Katherine Mansfield -- Where are you going, where have you been? / Joyce Carol Oates -- The things they carried / Tim O'Brien -- A good man is hard to find / Flannery O'Connor -- Tell them not to kill me! / Juan Rulfo -- A haunted house / Virginia Woolf -- Poetry. Talking with Kay Ryan -- Reading a poem -- Poetry or verse -- How to read a poem -- Paraphrase -- The Lake Isle of Innisfree / William Butler Yeats -- Lyric poetry -- Those winter Sundays / Robert Hayden -- Aunt Jennifer's tigers / Adrienne Rich -- Narrative poetry -- Sir Patrick Spence / Anonymous -- "Out, out --" / Robert Frost -- Dramatic poetry -- My last duchess / Robert Browning -- Didactic poetry -- Writing effectively -- Ask me / William Stafford -- Listening to a voice -- Tone -- My papa's waltz / Theodore Roethke -- The wayfarer / Stephen Crane -- The author to her book / Anne Bradstreet -- To a locomotive in winter / Walt Whitman -- I like to see it lap the miles / Emily Dickinson -- For my daughter / Weldon Kees -- The speaker in the poem -- White lies / Natasha Trethewey -- Luke Havergal / Edwin Arlington Robinson -- Dog haiku / Anonymous -- Theme for English B / Langston Hughes -- The farmer's bride / Charlotte Mew -- The red wheelbarrow / William Carlos Williams -- Irony -- Oh no / Robert Creeley -- The unknown citizen / W. H. Auden -- Rite of passage / Sharon Olds -- Second fig / Edna St. Vincent Millay -- The workbox / Thomas Hardy -- For review and further study -- Deliberate / Amy Uyematsu -- To Lucasta / Richard Lovelace -- Dulce et decorum est / Wilfred Owen -- Writing effectively -- Words -- Literal meaning : what a poem says first -- This is just to say / William Carlos Williams -- Diction -- Cargoes / John Masefield -- Batter my heart, three-personed God, for you / John Donne -- The value of a dictionary -- Aftermath / Henry Wadsworth Longfellow -- That will to divest / Kay Ryan -- Friend, on this scaffold Thomas More lies dead / J. V. Cunningham -- Bread / Samuel Menashe -- Grass / Carl Sandburg -- Word choice and word order -- Upon Julia's clothes / Robert Herrick -- The ruined maid / Thomas Hardy -- Lonely hearts / Wendy Cope -- For review and further study -- anyone lived in a pretty how town / e. e. cummings -- Carnation milk / Anonymous -- English con salsa / Gina Valdés -- My heart leaps up when I behold / William Wordsworth -- Mutability / William Wordsworth -- Jabberwocky / Lewis Carroll -- Writing effectively -- Saying and suggesting -- Denotation and connotation -- London / William Blake -- Disillusionment of ten o'clock / Wallace Stevens -- Fire and ice / Robert Frost -- The minefield / Diane Thiel -- Bilingual/bilingüe / Rhina P. Espaillat -- Tears, idle tears / Alfred, Lord Tennyson -- Love calls us to the things of this world / Richard Wilbur -- Writing effectively -- Imagery -- In a station of the Metro / Ezra Pound -- The piercing chill I feel / Taniguchi Buson -- Imagery -- The winter evening settles down / T. S. Eliot -- Root cellar / Theodore Roethke -- The fish / Elizabeth Bishop -- A route of evanescence / Emily Dickinson -- Reapers / Jean Toomer -- Pied beauty / Gerard Manley Hopkins -- About haiku -- The falling flower / Arakida Moritake -- Heat-lightning streak / Matsuo Basho -- In the old stone pool / Matsuo Basho -- On the one-ton temple bell / Taniguchi Buson -- Moonrise on mudflats / Taniguchi Buson -- only one guy / Kobayashi Issa -- Cricket / Kobayashi Issa -- Haiku from Japanese internment camps -- Rain shower from mountain / Suiko Matsushita -- Cosmos in bloom / Suiko Matsushita -- Even the croaking of frogs / Hakuro Wada -- The war, this year / Neiji Ozawa -- Contemporary haiku -- The old neighborhood / Nick Virgilio -- Visitor's room / Lee Gurga -- Born again / Jennifer Brutschy -- Learning to shave / Adelle Foley -- For review and further study -- Bright star, would I were steadfast as thou art / John Keats -- Lipstick / Tami Haaland -- El hombre / William Carlos Williams -- Drinking alone by moonlight / Li Po, translated by Arthur Waley -- Not waving but drowning / Stevie Smith -- Driving to town late to mail a letter / Robert Bly -- Writing effectively -- Figures of Speech -- Why speak figuratively? -- The eagle / Alfred, Lord Tennyson -- Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? / William Shakespeare -- Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? / Howard Moss -- Metaphor and simile -- My life had stood, a loaded gun / Emily Dickinson -- Flower in the crannied wall / Alfred, Lord Tennyson -- To see a world in a grain of sand / William Blake -- Metaphors / Sylvia Plath -- Simile / N. Scott Momaday -- A Martian sends a postcard home / Craig Raine -- Other figures of speech -- The wind / James Stephens -- You fit into me / Margaret Atwood -- Epitaph / Timothy Steele -- Money / Dana Gioia -- Fog / Carl Sandburg -- For review and further study -- The secret sits / Robert Frost -- Turtle / Kay Ryan -- Love and friendship / Emily Brontë -- Ode on a Grecian urn / John Keats -- Writing effectively -- Sound -- Sound as meaning -- Who goes with Fergus? / William Butler Yeats -- (from) Ulalume / Edgar Allan Poe -- A slumber did my spirit seal / William Wordsworth -- Alliteration and assonance -- The watch / Frances Cornford -- The splendor falls on castle walls / Alfred, Lord Tennyson -- Rime -- The hippopotamus / Hilaire Belloc -- Leda and the swan / William Butler Yeats -- God's grandeur / Gerard Manley Hopkins -- Desert places / Robert Frost -- How to read a poem aloud -- In memoriam John Coltrane / Michael Stillman -- Writing effectively -- Rhythm -- Stresses and pauses -- Stress and meaning -- Line endings -- We real cool / Gwendolyn Brooks -- Break, break, break / Alfred, Lord Tennyson -- Résumé / Dorothy Parker -- Meter -- Counting-out rhyme / Edna St. Vincent Millay -- When I was one-and-twenty / A. E. Housman -- Beat! beat! drums! / Walt Whitman -- Writing effectively -- Closed form -- The value of form -- Formal patterns -- Days of wine and roses / Ernest Dowson -- Song ("Go and catch a falling star") / John Donne -- Ballads -- Bonny Barbara Allan / Anonymous -- Ballad of Birmingham / Dudley Randall -- The sonnet -- Let me not to the marriage of true minds / William Shakespeare -- What lips my lips have kissed, and where, and why / Edna St. Vincent Millay -- Acquainted with the night / Robert Frost -- Shakespearean sonnet / R. S. Gwynn -- The Facebook sonnet / Sherman Alexie -- The epigram -- Of treason / Sir John Harrington -- Two somewhat different epigrams / Langston Hughes -- Other forms -- Do not go gentle into that good night / Dylan Thomas -- We wear the mask / Paul Laurence Dunbar -- Sestina / Elizabeth Bishop -- Writing effectively -- Open Form -- Ancient stairway / Denise Levertov -- Free verse -- Buffalo Bill's / e. e. cummings -- The dance / William Carlos Williams -- The heart / Stephen Crane -- Cavalry crossing a ford / Walt Whitman -- Thirteen ways of looking at a blackbird / Wallace Stevens -- Prose poetry -- The magic study of happiness / Charles Simic -- For review and further study -- in Just- / e. e. cummings -- I shall paint my nails red / Carole Satyamurti -- I, too / Langston Hughes -- Writing effectively -- Symbol -- The meanings of a symbol -- The Boston Evening Transcript / T. S. Eliot -- The lightning is a yellow fork / Emily Dickinson -- Identifying symbols -- Neutral tones / Thomas Hardy -- Facing it / Yusef Komunyakaa -- Allegory -- The parable of the good seed / Matthew -- Redemption / George Herbert -- Proverbios y cantares (XXIX) / Antonio Machado -- Traveler / translated by Michael Ortiz -- The road not taken / Robert Frost -- Up-hill / Christina Rossetti -- For review and further study -- Wild geese / Mary Oliver -- Popcorn-can cover / Lorine Niedecker -- Anecdote of the jar / Wallace Stevens -- Writing effectively -- Myth and Narrative -- The subjects and uses of myth -- Origins of myth -- Nothing gold can stay / Robert Frost -- The world is too much with us / William Wordsworth -- Helen / H. D. -- Archetype -- Medusa / Louise Bogan -- First love : a quiz / A. E. Stallings -- Personal myth -- The second coming / William Butler Yeats -- Memento mori in middle school / Diane Thiel -- Lady Lazarus / Sylvia Plath -- Myth and popular culture -- Cinderella / Anne Sexton -- Writing effectively -- What is poetry? -- Poems for further reading -- thirteen ways of looking at a tortilla / Aaron Abeyta -- First poem for you / Kim Addonizio -- The powwow at the end of the world / Sherman Alexie -- Last words of the prophet / Anonymous (Navajo chant) -- Dover Beach / Matthew Arnold -- Musée des Beaux Arts / W. H. Auden -- One art / Elizabeth Bishop -- The tyger / William Blake -- the mother / Gwendolyn Brooks -- How do I love thee? let me count the ways / Elizabeth Barrett Browning -- Soliloquy of the Spanish Cloister / Robert Browning -- Dostoevsky / Charles Bukowski -- Quinceañera / Judith Ortiz Cofer -- Kubla Khan / Samuel Taylor Coleridge -- Care and feeding / Billy Collins -- Wild nights, wild nights! / Emily Dickinson -- I felt a funeral, in my brain / Emily Dickinson -- Because I could not stop for death / Emily Dickinson -- Death be not proud / John Donne -- The flea / John Donne -- The love song of J. Alfred Prufrock / T. S. Eliot -- Mending wall / Robert Frost -- Birches / Robert Frost -- Stopping by woods on a snowy evening / Robert Frost -- A supermarket in California / Allen Ginsberg -- The convergence of the twain / Thomas Hardy -- Digging / Seamus Heaney -- Easter wings / George Herbert -- To the virgins, to make much of time / Robert Herrick -- Spring and fall / Gerard Manley Hopkins -- The windhover / Gerard Manley Hopkins -- Loveliest of trees, the cherry now / A. E. Housman -- To an athlete dying young / A. E. Housman -- The Negro speaks of rivers / Langston Hughes -- Harlem [dream deferred] / Langston Hughes -- The death of the ball turret gunner / Randall Jarrell -- Fire on the hills / Robinson Jeffers -- Missed time / Ha Jin -- On my first son / Ben Jonson -- On the death of friends in childhood / Donald Justice -- Ode to a nightingale / John Keats -- Home is so sad / Philip Larkin -- Piano / D. H. Lawrence -- Learning to love America / Shirley Geok-lin Lim -- To his coy mistress / Andrew Marvell -- The Harlem dancer / Claude McKay -- Recuerdo / Edna St. Vincent Millay -- When I consider how my light is spent / John Milton -- We are many / Pablo Neruda, translated by Alastair Reid -- Anthem for doomed youth / Wilfred Owen -- Daddy / Sylvia Plath -- Annabel Lee / Edgar Allan Poe -- The river-merchant's wife : a letter / Ezra Pound -- Naming of parts / Henry Reed -- Miniver Cheevy / Edwin Arlington Robinson -- Song ("When I am dead, my dearest") / Christina Rossetti -- When, in disgrace with fortune and men's eyes / William Shakespeare -- My mistress' eyes are nothing like the sun / William Shakespeare -- Ozymandias / Percy Bysshe Shelley -- The emperor of ice-cream / Wallace Stevens -- Ulysses / Alfred, Lord Tennyson -- Fern Hill / Dylan Thomas -- When I heard the learn'd astronomer / Walt Whitman -- O captain! my captain! / Walt Whitman -- Spring and all // William Carlos Williams -- Queen-Anne's-lace / William Carlos Williams -- Composed upon Westminster Bridge / William Wordsworth -- Autumn begins in Martins Ferry, Ohio / James Wright -- In this strange labyrinth / Mary Sidney Wroth -- He wishes for the cloths of heaven / William Butler Yeats -- Sailing to Byzantium / William Butler Yeats -- When you are old / William Butler Yeats -- Drama. Talking with David Ives -- Reading a play -- Interpreting plays -- Theatrical conventions -- Elements of a play -- Trifles / Susan Glaspell -- Analyzing Trifles -- Writing effectively -- Tragedy and comedy -- Tragedy -- (Scene from) Doctor Faustus / Christopher Marlowe -- Comedy -- (Scene from) The importance of being earnest / Oscar Wilde -- Soap opera / David Ives -- Writing effectively -- The theater of Sophocles -- Theater in ancient Greece -- The civic role of Greek drama -- Aristotle's concept of tragedy -- Sophocles -- The origins of Oedipus the King -- Oedipus the King / Sophocles, translated by David Grene -- Writing effectively -- The theater of Shakespeare -- William Shakespeare -- A note on Othello -- Picturing Othello -- Othello, the Moor of Venice / William Shakespeare -- Writing effectively -- The modern theater -- Realism -- A doll's house / Henrik Ibsen, translated by R. Farquharson Sharp, revised by Viktoria Michelsen -- The glass menagerie / Tennessee Williams -- Experimental drama -- The Cuban swimmer / Milcha Sanchez-Scott -- Documentary drama -- (Scenes from) Twilight : Los Angeles, 1992 / Anna Deavere Smith -- Writing effectively -- Plays for further reading -- The sound of a voice / David Henry Hwang -- El Santo Americano / Edward Bok Lee -- Click / Brighde Mullins -- Fences / August Wilson -- Writing. Writing about literature -- Read actively -- Nothing gold can stay / Robert Frost -- Think about the reading -- Plan your essay -- Prewriting : generate ideas and issues -- Sample student prewriting exercises -- Develop your argument -- Strengthen your argument : rhetorical appeals -- Draft your argument -- Revise your argument -- Some final advice on rewriting -- What's your purpose? common approaches to writing about literature -- The form of your finished paper -- Topics for writing -- Writing a research paper -- Browse the research -- Choose a topic : formulate your argument -- Begin your research -- Evaluate your sources -- Organize your research -- Organize your paper -- Maintain academic integrity -- Acknowledge all sources -- Document sources using MLA style -- Concluding thoughts -- Reference guide for MLA citations.